Security aspects in railway transport comprise today protection
against terrorist attacks, security of passengers and goods, security
concerning transport of dangerous materials and actions of specialized
teams in cases of accidents in transport . As a consequence of increased
1 2
number of terrorist attacks during the last decade, the attention
in transport security was devoted to that aspect. In railway transport, it
leads to introduction of anti-terrorist units and teams (Behavior Detection
Officers, VIPR Teams Enhance Security at Major Local Transportation
Facilities), and development of new security procedures (Employees
screening, recommended security action items for the rail transportation
of materials poisonous by inhalation, Access Control Security Practices,
En-Route Security Practices etc).
A l l aforementioned measures and activities are to be organized and
carried out by railway transport operators or security services. However,
theirs successful implementation may be supported by proper design of
vehicles, which is responsibility of manufacturers.
The scope and solutions of security-related requests during
the design of railway vehicle depend on the kind of the vehicle, being
different for locomotives, passenger wagons and freight wagons, but all
of them basing on similar security strategy principles :
3
• Limit the ability to place or hide explosives on or under vehicle;
Safety, Security, Health and Environment Law, Michael Tooma, Federation Press,
1
Australia (2008).
Transportation, Security, Administration, http://www.tsa.gov
2
Transit Security Design Considerations, US Department of Transportation,
3
http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov.
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Nebojsa Bogojevic, Zlatan Šoškic, Vehicle design in function of safety and security of goods in railway transport
• Improve the ability to see into and out of vehicle;
• Reduce the damage that would result from an explosion;
• Reduce the damage that would result from a fire;
• Reduce the damage that would result from contaminants;
• Enhance emergency egress through doors and windows;
• Protect the driver from physical threat;
• Network the vehicle with the OCC;
• Enable communications between the vehicle operator and passengers;
• Secure the vehicle from theft/unauthorized operations.
These principles affect the design of passenger compartments
(doors, windows, seats, ceiling, lighting, public information systems,
emergency systems and equipment), operator compartments (door
controls, communication systems, train control equipment) as well as the
design of car bodies in general.
The solutions that are developed to satisfy the requests are
numerous, and, considering large number of railway vehicles present
in operation, it is not only important what are the costs of implementation
of some security solution in vehicle design, but also if the solutions can
be applied to present vehicles or they can be applied only in process of
production of new vehicles.
2. Development of design of car transport wagons
As an illustration of railway vehicle design driven by security
demands, here will be presented process of changes of design of freight
wagons for transport of cars during last two decades in wagon factories
"Bratstvo" from Subotica and Wagon Factory Kraljevo from Kraljevo
(Serbia).
Basic type for transport of cars in Serbia was Leas wagon that was
designed during 1970s (Fig. 1). The wagon consists of two units, each
with two platforms, and has three axles. Being that it was developed in
the period when aspect of security of transported cars was not
considered, its main features were designed considering the fact that
weight of transported cars (~ 18 t) is not high compared to dead weight
of the wagon (~ 27 t). Therefore, it was technically possible to design
a wagon structure that was consisting only of beams, so the wagon was
open, without front/back or side walls, or even roof. Such structure
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Nebojsa Bogojevic, Zlatan Šoškic, Vehicle design in function of safety and security of goods in railway transport
requested smaller costs in production material and work force, so applied
design was optimal from the point of view of cost of the wagon.
Fig. 1. Leas wagon for car transport
Exploitation of wagons of Leas type has shown that maintenance
costs were low and durability of wagon was high, as it was expected
in the phase of design. Moreover, the existence of such type of wagon got
full economic justification, being that reduced number of wheelsets
(three wheelsets for two units, instead of usual four, were possible